مدیریت دانش لاتین Knowledge management 12 ص

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Knowledge management

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Knowledge Management)

Jump to: navigation, search

Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of practices used in an organisation to identify, create, represent, distribute and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organisational processes or practice.

An established discipline since 1991 (see Nonaka 1991), KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, and library and information sciences (Alavi & Leidner 1999). More recently, other fields have started contributing to KM research; these include information and media, computer science, public health, and public policy.

Many large companies and non-profit organisations have resources dedicated to internal KM efforts, often as a part of their 'Business Strategy', 'Information Technology', or 'Human Resource Management' departments (Addicott, McGivern & Ferlie 2006). Several consulting companies also exist that provide strategy and advice regarding KM to these organisations.

KM efforts typically focus on organisational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, and continuous improvement of the organisation. KM efforts overlap with Organisational Learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge. KM efforts can help individuals and groups to share valuable organisational insights, to reduce redundant work, to avoid reinventing the wheel per se, to reduce training time for new employees, to retain intellectual capital as employees turnover in an organisation, and to adapt to changing environments and markets (McAdam & McCreedy 2000)(Thompson & Walsham 2004).

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Research

2.1 Dimensions

2.2 Strategies

2.3 Motivations

2.4 Technologies

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

[edit] History

KM efforts have a long history, to include on-the-job discussions, formal apprenticeship, discussion forums, corporate libraries, professional training and mentoring programs. More recently, with increased use of computers in the second half of the 20th century, specific adaptations of technologies such as knowledge bases, expert systems, knowledge repositories, group decision support systems, intranets and computer supported cooperative work have been introduced to further enhance such efforts[1].

In 1999, the term personal knowledge management was introduced which refers to the management of knowledge at the individual level (Wright 2005).

More recently with the advent of the Web 2.0, the concept of knowledge management has evolved towards a vision more based on people participation and emergence. This line of evolution is termed Enterprise 2.0 (McAfee 2006). However, there is still a debate (and discussions even in Wikipedia (Lakhani & McAfee 2007)) whether Enterprise 2.0 is just a fad, or if it brings something new, is the future of knowledge management (Davenport 2008) and is here to stay.

[edit] Research

A broad range of thoughts on the KM discipline exists with no unanimous agreement; approaches vary by author and school. As the discipline matures, academic debates have increased regarding both the theory and practice of KM, to include the following perspectives:

Techno-centric with a focus on technology, ideally those that enhance knowledge sharing and creation

Organisational with a focus on how an organisation can be designed to facilitate knowledge processes best

دانلود مقاله مدیریت دانش لاتین Knowledge management 12 ص (علوم انسانی-مدیریت)

لینک دانلود و خرید پایین توضیحات

فرمت فایل word  و قابل ویرایش و پرینت

تعداد صفحات: 13

Knowledge management

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from Knowledge Management)

Jump to: navigation, search

Knowledge Management (KM) comprises a range of practices used in an organisation to identify, create, represent, distribute and enable adoption of insights and experiences. Such insights and experiences comprise knowledge, either embodied in individuals or embedded in organisational processes or practice.

An established discipline since 1991 (see Nonaka 1991), KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration, information systems, management, and library and information sciences (Alavi & Leidner 1999). More recently, other fields have started contributing to KM research; these include information and media, computer science, public health, and public policy.

Many large companies and non-profit organisations have resources dedicated to internal KM efforts, often as a part of their 'Business Strategy', 'Information Technology', or 'Human Resource Management' departments (Addicott, McGivern & Ferlie 2006). Several consulting companies also exist that provide strategy and advice regarding KM to these organisations.

KM efforts typically focus on organisational objectives such as improved performance, competitive advantage, innovation, the sharing of lessons learned, and continuous improvement of the organisation. KM efforts overlap with Organisational Learning, and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and a focus on encouraging the sharing of knowledge. KM efforts can help individuals and groups to share valuable organisational insights, to reduce redundant work, to avoid reinventing the wheel per se, to reduce training time for new employees, to retain intellectual capital as employees turnover in an organisation, and to adapt to changing environments and markets (McAdam & McCreedy 2000)(Thompson & Walsham 2004).

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Research

2.1 Dimensions

2.2 Strategies

2.3 Motivations

2.4 Technologies

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

[edit] History

KM efforts have a long history, to include on-the-job discussions, formal apprenticeship, discussion forums, corporate libraries, professional training and mentoring programs. More recently, with increased use of computers in the second half of the 20th century, specific adaptations of technologies such as knowledge bases, expert systems, knowledge repositories, group decision support systems, intranets and computer supported cooperative work have been introduced to further enhance such efforts[1].

In 1999, the term personal knowledge management was introduced which refers to the management of knowledge at the individual level (Wright 2005).

More recently with the advent of the Web 2.0, the concept of knowledge management has evolved towards a vision more based on people participation and emergence. This line of evolution is termed Enterprise 2.0 (McAfee 2006). However, there is still a debate (and discussions even in Wikipedia (Lakhani & McAfee 2007)) whether Enterprise 2.0 is just a fad, or if it brings something new, is the future of knowledge management (Davenport 2008) and is here to stay.

[edit] Research

A broad range of thoughts on the KM discipline exists with no unanimous agreement; approaches vary by author and school. As the discipline matures, academic debates have increased regarding both the theory and practice of KM, to include the following perspectives:

Techno-centric with a focus on technology, ideally those that enhance knowledge sharing and creation

Organisational with a focus on how an organisation can be designed to facilitate knowledge processes best

تحقیق در مورد کنترل کیفیت 55 ص (با فرمت ورد)

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تعداد صفحات: 55

پیشینة مدیریت کیفیت: ‎Total Quality Management (T.Q.M)

استانداردهای کیفیت را برای نخستین بار دولت انگلستان، پس از جنگ جهانی اول، به صورت مدون ایجاد کرد. در آن زمانم، مؤسسه هواپیماسازی پادشاهی انگلیس به منظور بالا بردن ضریب اطمینان هواپیماهای ساخت خود به تهیة راهکارهای روشمند دست زد.

سازمان بین‎المللی استاندارد پس از جنگ جهانی دوم در سال 1946 تأسیس شد و در سال 1987 استانداردهای جهانی نظام کیفیت موسوم به استانداردهای ‎ISO 9000 را تدوین و ارائه کرد.

در حال حاضر بسیاری از شرکتها در مناطق تحت تحت فعالیت خود، واردات کالاهایی را می‎پذیرند که از این استانداردها پیروی کنند. در چنین شرایطی برای بهبود کیفیت تولیدات، افزایش یافته است؛ زیرا در غیر این صورت شرکت‎های رقیب که تولیدات خود را با کمترین قیمت و بهترین کیفیت ارائه می‎دهند، گوی سبقت را خواهند ربود و آنهایی که نتوانند سطح تولیدات خود را با استانداردهای جهانی تطبیق دهند، خود به خود از گردونه حذف خواهند شد.

«پیشینه مدیریت کیفیت»

نشان می‎دهد که:

‎* توجه به کیفیت و تلاش برای بهبود دائمی، تنش مهم و اساسی در توسعه دارد؛ کشوری مانند ژاپن که پس از جنگ جهانی دوم در وضع نابسامان اقتصادی به سر می‎برد، ‌از این طریق توانست در مدت کمتر از پنجاه سال، به یکی از قطب‎های بزرگ اقتصادی جهان تبدیل شود.

‎* برای افزایش کیفیت و بهبود مستمر،‌ باید دیدگاهی واحد انتخاب و ترویج شود.

‎* عملی شدن این دیدگاه، به حمایت همه جانبة دولت، ایجاد نظام تشویش؛ تبلیغ و آموزش همگانی به صورت منسجم نیاز دارد.

‎* بی‎توجهی به این امر حیاتی خواه ناخواه موجب از بین رفتن تولیدات داخلی و افزایش واردات خواهد شد.

تاریخچه سیستم‎های کیفیت در ایران

حرکت در زمینه سیستم‎های کیفیت، بخصوص استانداردهای ‎ISO 9000 ، تشویق مرحوم آقای مهندس میراحمد سادات رئیس سابق مؤسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران است. در این مورد شاید نتوان گفت که حرکت رسمی کشور در زمینه سیستم‎های کیفیت به اقدامات مؤسسه استاندارد در برگزاری سمینارها و دوره‎های توجیهی بخصوص سمینار ‎ISO 9000 که در سال 1369 در رشت برگزار شد برمی‎گردد. در این میان، می‎توان گفت که حرکت جدی و تأثیر کنگر کشورمان در زمینه استانداردهای ‎ISO 9000 به ترجمه و انتشار استانداردهای ‎ISO 9000 ویرایش سال 2000 در دی ماه 1374 باز می‎گردد. این حرکت که با پیگیری و حمایت‎های مرحوم مهندس سادات و به همت مؤسسه استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران به سرانجام رسید یکی از ماندگارترین حرکات در این مرحله بود که اخیراً نیز با ترجمه و انتشار ویرایش فعال 2000 استمرار یافته است.

مدیریت کیفیت چیست؟

چارچوب و ساختار عمومی مدیریت کیفیت در نمودار نشان داده شده است. همان‎طور که در این تصویر آمده، لازم است یکپارچه‎سازی سیستم مدیریت کیفیت در ابعاد زیر صورت بگیرد:

- فن‎آوری ‎- اقتصادی

- مدیریتی ‎- سازمانی

- سیستمی – فرآیندی

نمودار ساختار عمومی مدیریت کیفیت