تحقیق درباره تنظیم خانواده و جمعیت (ترجمه شده)

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تحقیق در مورد تنظیم خانواده و جمعیت

Brand names

Clomid, Serophene

Is clomiphene for you?

Clomiphene can help you conceive if you ovulate irregularly or not at all, particularly if you have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). (If you have PCOS and this treatment doesn't seem to work for you, your doctor may also prescribe metformin, an insulin-sensitizing drug that can help you respond to clomiphene.) You might also take clomiphene (and other fertility drugs) before you undergo an assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), to encourage you to produce several eggs for the procedure.Clomiphene can also help men with a hormonal imbalance (that originates in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus) linked to a low sperm count, or poor sperm quality or motility (its ability to move). (See more information about fertility drugs for men.)

Treatment: What to expect

Clomiphene is usually taken in pill form for one five-day cycle a month. It helps you produce more of the hormones that trigger ovulation (follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)), prompting your ovaries to produce one or more mature eggs, depending on how often you normally ovulate.After you finish a cycle of clomiphene, your hypothalamus (the part of your brain that regulates basic functions such as temperature) releases luteinizing hormone (LH), which tells your ovaries to release your mature egg or eggs into your fallopian tubes. If an egg meets up with a healthy sperm on its way to your uterus, you'll have a chance to conceive.

Length of treatment

If your period is regular, you'll start taking clomiphene three to five days into your monthly menstrual cycle and continue taking it for about five days. (To figure out when your next menstrual cycle will begin, use our ovulation calculator.)If your period is irregular or absent, your doctor will make sure you're not pregnant and induce menstruation by prescribing a medication called Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate), so you can begin taking clomiphene.You'll most likely ovulate five to 12 days after you take the last pill. Your doctor will monitor you closely and often to see whether your ovaries are getting ready to release an egg. Most women go through three to six cycles of treatment at the most (it can take a month or two of drug therapy for you to start ovulating regularly). Your chance of getting pregnant doesn't improve if you take the drug longer, so if you don't succeed after three cycles, your doctor may increase the dosage or suggest another treatment.

Ovarian Cancer awareness

By Beth Anne Piehl, Special Sections Writer

Earlier this summer, I learned something about ovarian cancer from a widower.

The Burt Lake man had lost his wife to the disease, and while interviewing him for another article, he offered some advice: If I, or other women, ever feel unusual, uncomfortable bloating, it’s worth seeing a doctor.

Looking back, it was a sign his healthy wife commented upon, but neither of them realized it was likely a symptom signaling something was amiss. She ultimately died from the cancer in 2004.

Recent research suggests that together, the four symptoms of bloating; pelvic or abdominal pain; difficulty eating or feeling full quickly; and urinary urgency or frequency may be associated with ovarian cancer.

Because it is estimated that more than 15,000 women will die in the U.S. from ovarian cancer each year, Dr. Jim Jeakle, MD, of Charlevoix Women’s Health, assisted the News-Review with sharing information about this form of cancer, in recognition of September as national Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month.  PNR: Who is most at risk for ovarian cancer? Dr. Jeakle: There are several types of ovarian cancer. The most common is referred to as epithelial ovarian cancer. It is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States, accounting for 15,000 deaths annually. The lifetime risk in the general population is 1.4 percent. It is more common in Caucasian women.

There appears to be an association between ovulation and ovarian cancer. Factors associated with fewer ovulations over the course of a lifetime generally decrease the risk. These would include: pregnancy, which reduces the risk by 25 to 50 percent, use of the oral contraceptive pill and breastfeeding. Hysterectomy with or without removal of the ovaries and tubal ligation also reduce risk.

In contrast, first period occurring before age 12, menopause after age 50 and not having children are all associated with more ovulations and slightly increase one’s risk for ovarian cancer.

A personal history of breast cancer increases risk. Age is also a risk factor, as women are most frequently diagnosed in their 50s. Other factors including environmental factors, smoking, obesity and diet are more controversial and have failed to show a strong association.

Unfortunately, we have no control over the biggest risk factor, and that is family history. A family history of one affected relative increases the risk over the general population three-fold. This would be referred to as familial ovarian cancer and carries