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Causes of skin cancer

Ultraviolet light from the sun is the main cause of skin cancer. Skin cancer is becoming more common and there are several possible reasons for this. People are living longer (and so their lifetime sun exposure is greater). They often have more time and money for outdoor recreation and holidays in sunny climates and many people still consider suntans to be healthy and attractive. It is likely that most skin damage from ultraviolet radiation occurs before the age of 20. It is thought that a build-up of overexposure to the sun over a period of several years can lead to the development of basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers.

Black- or brown-skinned people have a very low risk of developing skin cancer because the melanin pigment in their skin gives them protection. A fair-skinned person who tends to go red or freckle in the sun will be most at risk. Children and young adults who have been overexposed to the sun have an increased risk of developing some form of skin cancer. This will not show up until later on in life – usually after about age 40, and often not until the 60s or 70s.

The regular use of sunlamps and sunbeds increases the risk of developing skin cancer.

Areas of skin that have been badly burned, or have long-term inflammation have an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma.

Radiotherapy given to treat other conditions can sometimes cause skin cancers in the treatment area later in life.

People who have to take drugs which lower their immunity (immunosupressants) – for example, after a kidney transplant – are also at increased risk of getting skin cancer.

Other rare possible causes are overexposure to certain chemicals at work, including coal tar, soot, pitch, asphalt, creosotes, paraffin waxes, petroleum derivatives, hair dyes, cutting oils and arsenic. You should wear protective clothing if you are handling these substances frequently.

Some people with rare hereditary conditions have a higher risk of developing skin cancer. However, non-melanoma skin cancers are not caused by inherited faulty genes that can be passed on to other family members and so other members of your family are not at a higher risk of developing skin cancer.

What are the symptoms?

Both basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas can appear in a variety of forms.

Basal cell cancers can develop as a small lump on your skin which is smooth and pearly or waxy in appearance. It may bleed sometimes or develop a crust. It may begin to show signs of healing and yet never quite does. Instead, you may see a flat, red spot, which is scaly and crusty. Sometimes there is just a firm, red lump. Skin cancers are usually painless and grow slowly. They can appear anywhere on your body but are most likely to occur on exposed skin, especially your face.

Squamous cell carcinomas often have a scaly appearance. Sometimes they have a hard, horny cap and can feel tender to touch. They are also found on the face, bald scalps, arms, backs of hands and lower legs.

If you notice anything unusual on your skin which does not go away within a month, you should show it to your doctor. There are, however, many other conditions that may appear in the skin which are not cancer, particularly among older people. You may still wish to have these treated for cosmetic reasons.

Signs and symptoms of non-melanoma skin cancer:

Most likely to appear on face, neck or other exposed skin. 

Small lump- smooth or waxy- may bleed- may develop a crust - may be itchy

Flat, red spot -- scaly and crusty

Firm, red lump -- painless, growing slowly

Lump with scaly or horny top

How it is diagnosed

Usually you begin by seeing your GP (family doctor), who will examine you and decide whether to refer you to a hospital specialist for further tests and treatment. A specialist in skin diseases is called a dermatologist. Your treatment may be carried out by the dermatologist. Depending on the area of the body affected by the cancer and the type of treatment that is necessary you may be referred to a general surgeon, a plastic surgeon or a clinical oncologist (radiotherapy and chemotherapy specialist).

The specialist will be able to tell a great deal from a simple examination of the affected area of skin. However, it is not always possible to distinguish between skin cancers and benign conditions by examination alone. You may be advised to have a biopsy. This is a quick and simple procedure which can usually be done in the outpatients department using a local anaesthetic. The doctor will remove all or part of the lump and send it to the laboratory for analysis under a microscope by a pathologist.

As basal cell carcinomas almost never spread, there will probably be no need for further tests as long as the cancer has been completely removed.

As squamous cell carcinomas may occasionally spread, your doctor may want to do one or two other tests as well as the physical examination and biopsy. This is to make sure that there is no need for further treatment. The tests are particularly important if you have had treatment for skin cancer before and it has come back (recurred). During the physical examination, the doctor will probably feel the lymph glands close to the cancer to see if any of them are enlarged. You will probably be asked to have a chest x-ray and possibly blood tests to assess your general health. If any other tests are necessary your doctor will discuss these with you

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Reducing risk of heart disease

Changing lifestyles for a happier heart

By: Melissa Haug

Issue date: 11/15/06 Section: Sports

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By Melissa HaugKansas State CollegianHeart disease is not something you catch because you forgot to wash your hands or because you shared a beverage with a thirsty friend. Heart disease, instead, is brought on by several health conditions that relate to the heart and blood vessels, onset by daily events.Although you might feel immune to this condition and its devastating effects for the moment, it's likely you're already at risk for a heart attack or stroke in the future. The good news is modifiable risk factors outnumber those you can't change. Prevention starts with your decisions today.As the leading cause of death in America, heart disease is no laughing matter. According to the Centers for Disease Control, deaths from heart disease in 2004 outranked the second-leading cause of death, cancer, by a whopping 103,822 deaths.With so many annual deaths from this disease, why do we continue to turn the other cheek? How do we not take it upon ourselves to protect our health for now and the future?Keep in mind high-risk factors do not guarantee you a heart attack or stroke, but the more risk factors you choose not to control, the greater your statistical chances for heart disease and hardships later in life.Uncontrollable High-Risk FactorsAccording to the American Heart Association, if your father or brother experienced heart disease before age 55, or if your mother or sister experienced heart disease before age 65, you are at a higher risk to contract the disease. According to American Dietetics Association, blacks with high blood pressure, Mexican Americans, Native Americans, Native Hawaiians, and some Asian Americans have shown greater prevalence for heart disease.Controllable Risk FactorsSmoking cigarettes, cigars and pipes and secondhand smoke causes high blood pressure or hypertension, according to the American Heart Association. This forces the heart to work harder, causing enlargement of the heart muscle, which eventually weakens it.

مقاله درباره What is the effect of CNG on petrol engine

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What is the effect of CNG on petrol engine?

I am looking for technical information on the following... Conversion of Diesel Engine to CNG... Type of kits that make it possible.... Technical information on how a Diesel engine can work on CNG, performance, cost etc Functioning of a CNG Conversion Kit.. CNG quality & performance issues, petrol vs CNG as fuel Effect of CNG on car engines.. Lower RPM's, Less power, engine load, lubrication and early wear out? Mixing ethanol in petrol... Change in chemical nature of petrol and its properties.. what ethanol achieves through mixing ... Good points/bad points, effect on the quality and energy output of petrol etc

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Ethanol is bad and creates many nasty acids that wear away the journal bearing babbits, etc. Many materials cannot stand up to the increase acidity present when burning higher percentages of ethanol. (Boy i hope i don't mean methanol instead of ethanol. You might want to double check me there!)CNG can ONLY be used on SUPERCHARGED diesel engines. To date, there are no SUPERCHARGED automotive diesel engines made. The only way to get CNG into a diesel engine is to use very large superchargers which run mechanically off the crankshaft to ensure enough air-fuel mixture gets into the engine. See Waukesha for stationary CNG products. Traditionally, many diesel/CNG power plants run on CNG most of the time to save $. CNG is GREAT for normally aspirated automotive spark-ignition engines. It may produce less peak power, but the cylinder wear is REDUCED, oil contamination REDUCED--the engine runs SO MUCH CLEANER it is unbelievable. Combustion chambers remain spotless and spark plugs stay clean. CNG evaporators need a heat source, so in cold climates you may have to have a preheater.You may be able to increase compression ratio when building up an automotive conversion--but don't overdo it. I know plenty of CNG trucks that end up blowing a head gasket because people have a lead foot. You could probably run a 9.0. The best engines to use are V-8 carbureted truck engines. Total fleets of frozen food delivery trucks have been converted to CNG--but none has a diesel engine--they are all gasoline type engines. So they do use them in trucks. CNG will run out fast in your automotive application. CNG must be stored in a gas phase, which means by the cubic foot. It is not practical usually to build CNG storage into a car, and check with your Dept. of Transportation on explosion hazards--it may be illegal in some cases to carry so much cubic feet of explosive gas on a car or in a non-rated tank. The heating value, i.e. energy per cubic foot of fuel is far less than gasoline, and less than propane. The most practical conversions for cars are propane kits. They are very simple: pressure regulator, evaporator, and some kind of throttle linkage. You will get a few more miles per bottle of propane than CNG. Both propane and CNG keep engines spotlessly clean. Be sure to start with a clean engine and be sure that the valves have valve seats in the heads. Exhaust gases can run the valves a bit hotter than when burning gasoline because of unburnt hydrocarbons in the exhaust--if your air-fuel ratio is right, you will never have that problem with CNG or LPG.

مقاله درباره Toyota to Launch CNG Variants of Corolla

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Toyota to Launch CNG Variants of Corolla & Innova in India

1 December 2007

Economic Times. Toyota Kirloskar Motor (TKM) will launch CNG fuel variants of its premium sedan Corolla and multi-utility vehicle Innova soon.

The Corolla and Innova will be the first ever CNG fuel based offering by the Japanese major in the world. The company is currently testing various types of CNG kits on these models at its Bangalore based facility and the formal launch of these variants are expected sometime in December. The new kits for CNG are being supplied by Minda Auto Gas, which is also the original equipment supplier to Hyundai for its flagship car Santro and Maruti Suzuki for its LPG based WagonR Duo.

TKM deputy MD K K Swamy confirmed that the company is looking for the right CNG fuel options. “We are currently studying the options that can be strapped on both these models,” Mr Swamy said. TKM is expected to launch these CNG variants in Delhi and Mumbai, where CNG gas is currently available. That will followed by launches in other CNG-compliant cities like Surat and Agra.

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By 2020, India will be running >50% of its vehicles on CNG….its inevitable given that India has found lots of natural gas, we are set for high oil prices and CNG is 25% better than petrol re global warming!

Given that biomethane is also easy to make from crops, why bother with anything else?

Toyota seeing this perhaps…

Regards

JOhn

What an incredibly ill-informed post. There is no way to make natural gas from biomass feedstock that is economically competitive. The capital costs per unit of output makes it a money-losing investment. Furthermore, I imagine if you wanted to build plants to facilitate anaerobic digestion or syngas production (and if you did syngas coal would be a cheaper feedstock) you would need to employ every industrial construction worker in the United States to even replace a small portion of natural gas consumption.

"By 2020, India will be running >50% of its vehicles on CNG…."

No way this world makes it that far. Can't we just accept - the whole planet is a lost cause. Inevitable apocalypse. Wring your hands and then sit on 'em.

Michael,

I am embarrassed to read your posting, had I written it, I would be ashamed. You are way off the pace I'm afraid.

Take a look at

Michael, Methane (95% of natural gas) can be synthesized much easier (fewer steps) and much more efficient from biomass, coal, or any other feedstocks, in comparison to ethanol, or synthetic liquid hydrocarbon via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. As far as renewable-energy fuels is concerned, methane and hydrogen is the way to go. Methane for now, since we have a lot of CO2 from the exhaust of electrical generation to make methane (CH4) from H2 and CO2. In the far future, hydrogen will be the way to go.

Methane can be gasified from biomass economically. Once North America begins to run out of NG in the next few years, we may see much more of this.

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بدمینتون 40 ص

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Table of Contents فهرست

بدمینتون 2

مشخصات زمین بدمینتون 3

مقررات بازی بدمینتون 4

تعریف تمامی اصطلاحات بدمینتون 9

تکنیک ها در بدمینتون 11

تکنیک های زدن توپ 12

تاکتیک های بازی 13

سرویس 13

برگرداندن سرویس 14

چند سوال مبهم در بدمینتون و جوابی ....... 16

طرز صحیح گرفتن راکت در دست 18

نکاتی مهم درباره راکت های یونکس 21

تغذیه در بدمینتون 24

نکات مهم برای جلوگیری از صدمات در آب و هوای گرم 24

شما هنگام سرویس زدن به کجا نگاه میکنید؟؟. Error! Bookmark not defined.

آخرین رنکینگ بازیکنان ایرانی (Ranking Date: July 3 2008) Error! Bookmark not defined.

بدمینتون

بدمینتون سریع ترین ورزش راکتی در جهان است. سرعت گوی پردار که از یک گلوله چوب پنبه ای و پرهای غاز تشکیل شده و بازیکنان آن را از این سو به آن سوی تور پرتاب می کنند، گاهی به 260 کیلومتر در ساعت می رسد.بدمینتون که محبوبیت بسیاری در آسیا و اروپا دارد، در بازی های المپیک 1972 مونیخ به عنوان یک ورزش نمایشی برگزار شد و بعد از دومین حضور نمایشی موفق در بازی های المپیک سئول، جواز حضور در المپیک 1992 بارسلونا را به عنوان یک ورزش مدال آور در بخش انفرادی و دو نفره مردان و زنان کسب کرد. مسابقات دونفره مختلط برای المپیک 96 آتلانتا به برنامه بازی ها افزوده شد. کشورهای اندونزی، چین و کره تاکنون پرچم داران این ورزش در بازی های المپیک بوده اند.

مشخصات زمین بدمینتون

بدمینتون در زمینی کاملا هموار و یک شکل بازی می شود که باید از جنس کفپوش ورزشی یا پارکت باشد.

زمین بدمینتون باید نرم و انعطاف پذیر و یک رنگ باشد.

زمین بدمینتون به خط های آن محدود می شود که اندازه و محدوده بازی را نشان می دهد. و خارج از این محدوده اوت و جزء بازی محسوب نمی شود.

زمین بدمینتون از طولی به اندازه ۱۳.۴۰ و عرض ۶.۱۰ برای بازی دونفره و ۵.۱۸ برای تک نفره تشکیل می شود.

خطی فرضی در وسط خط طولی زمین را به دو قسمت کاملا مساوی تقسم می کند که بر روی آن تور بدمینتون قرار می گیرد که ارتفاعی معادل ۱.۵۵ در پایه و ۱.۵۲ در وسط تور دارد.

در وسط خط عرضی زمین خطی به اندازه ۳.۹۶ قرار دارد و موازی خط طولی است که زمین را به دو قسمت مساوی از عرض تقسیم می کند.این خط تا رسیدن به خط کوتاه (شرت) ادامه دارد.

خط کوتاه در فاصله ۳.۹۶ از خط طولی و موازی خط عرضی زمین نصب می شود و فاصله ای ۱.۹۸ از تو را دارد.

در فاصله ای ۰.۷۶ از خط طولی در هر قسمت زمین نیز خطی موازی خط عرض ها وجود دارد که محدوده اوت در سرویس زدن بازی دونفره را مشخص میکند.

مقررات بازی بدمینتون

توپ:

از مواد طبیعی یا مصنوعی ساخته می شود. باید از جنس چوپ پنبه که لایه چرمی دارد باشد. توپ چرمی باید دارای 16 پرک باشد که به پایه وصل می شوند. وزن توپ باید بین 4/74 تا 4/50 گرم باشد.

 راکت

راکت بدمینتون معمولاً از جنس چوبی یا فلزی می باشد. راکت از قسمتهای: دسته - میله - گلو یا سه راهی - صفحه راکت (کله راکت) تشکیل شده است.  

قرعه کشی

برای شروع بازی داور مسابقه با سکه عمل قرعه کشی را انجام می دهد. نفر برنده قرعه کشی می تواند توپ یا دریافت (زمین) را انتخاب کند. برنده بازی کسی است که دو گیم از سه گیم را ببرد.  

امتیازات گیم ها:

در مردان 15 تایی است و در نونهالان و بانوان 11 تایی است. در بازیهای یک نفره و دو نفره مردان کسی که زودتر به امتیاز 15 برسد برنده گیم محسوب می شود و در بانوان و در نونهالان هر کسی زودتر به امتیاز 11 برسد برنده گیم محسوب می شود. هر کس 2 گیم از 3 گیم را ببرد برنده بازی است.

  یسینیگ چیست؟

اگر در آقایان امتیاز به 14- 14 رسید و یا در بانوان به امتیاز 10-10 شد از کسی که زودتر به امتیاز 14 و یا 10 رسید سؤال می شود که آیا امتیاز اضافه می خواهد یا نه و اگر جواب مثبت باشد بازی به 17 و 13 ادامه می یابد و اگر جواب منفی باشد بازی در همان 15 و 11 به پایان می رسد. فردی که برنده گیم شد در گیم بعدی اولین سرویس را می زند.تنها بازیکنی امتیاز کسب می کند که سرویس را زده باشد و توپ را در زمین بازیکن مقابل بخواباند.  

  تعویض زمین:

بازیکنان بایستی در موارد زیر زمین را عوض کنند:1-پایان گیم اول 2-پیش از شروع گیم سوم3-در صورت تساوی 1بر1 در گیم سوم در آقایان در پوئن 8 و در خانمها و نونهالان در پوئن 6 تعویض زمین صورت می گیرد.

سرویس:

زننده و گیرنده سرویس باید به صورت مورب در داخل محوطه سرویس و بدون تماس با خطوط محوطه سرویس قرار گیرند. از لحظه شروع سرویس تا پایان اجرای ضربه باید قسمتی از هر دو پای بازیکن در حالتی ثابت با زمین تماس داشته باشد. راکت زننده سرویس باید اولین را به پایه (کله) توپ بزند. هنگام برخورد توپ با راکت زننده سرویس تمام توپ باید از کمر سرویس زننده پایینتر باشد. میله راکت زننده سرویس از لحظه زدن ضربه به توپ باید به طرف پایین امتداد داشته باشد به نحوی که تمامی کله راکت از تمامی دست حامل راکت بازیکن پایینتر باشد. هنگام زدن سرویس اگر توپ با راکت زننده